Introduction
The
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) system was
discovered in bacteria, where it functions as an adaptive immune system against
invading viral and plasmid DNA. In this system, short DNA sequences (spacers)
from invading viruses are incorporated at CRISPR loci within the bacterial
genome and serve as memory of previous infections. Reinfection triggers
complementary mature CRISPR RNA (crRNA) to find a matching viral sequence.
Together, the crRNA and transactivating crRNA (tracrRNA) guide
CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease to cleave double-strand breaks in the
corresponding foreign DNA sequences1.
The
type II prokaryotic CRISPR “immune system” has been engineered to function as
an RNA-guided genome-editing tool that is simple, easy, and quick to implement.
Here, we describe two different recombinant Cas9 proteins: Cas9 (wild type
SpCas9) and enhanced specificity Cas9 (eSpCas9), which has been shown to reduce
off-target cleavage2.
These proteins can be combined with SygRNA™ synthetic crRNAs and tracrRNAs to
form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that target the specific genomic locus
of interest (Figure 1).
Figure
1. Three Component CRISPR Cas9 System. The Cas9 ribonucleoprotein is made
up of the Cas9 protein and a guide RNA, which can be divided into a tracrRNA
and a crRNA. The crRNA is variable and complementary to the target of interest,
while the tracrRNA sequence is static.
introduction
of Cas9 RNP-sgRNA strengthens and expands the applications of CRISPR genome
modification technology by eliminating the possibility of plasmid DNA
integration into the host genome. This method also reduces risk for off-target
effects due to the rapid degradation of the RNP after delivery; in many cases
Cas9 RNP results in efficient genome modification with higher specificity when
compared to cells transfected with Cas9 plasmid1,3,4,5.
This RNP technology has broad applications and has been shown to function in
both mammalian and plant systems6.
Furthermore, Cas9 RNP delivery holds great promise for therapeutic applications
including the recent successful generation of knock-in primary human T cells7.
One
of the primary concerns with CRISPR is potential for off-target cleavage;
eSpCas9 improves the specificity of the system by reducing these effects. The
unwinding of target DNA by SpCas9 is driven by the sum of two forces: the
positive charge of the chromosome-binding motif of the protein and the RNA:DNA
interaction between the guide RNA and the target DNA. Therefore, weakening the
binding efficiency of SpCas9 has the potential to increase the requirement for
precise match between guide RNA and target DNA for unwinding of the target to
occur.
To
create eSpCas9, wild type SpCas9 was engineered to possess a relaxed binding
efficiency, resulting in higher on-target fidelity without the loss of cleavage
efficiency. To engineer this protein, alanine point mutations were made in the
chromosome-binding motif of SpCas92.
In testing eSpCas9 in combination with select gRNA at Sigma-Aldrich
(Figure 2), on-target cleavage efficiency was comparable to wild type
SpCas9 with undetectable cleavage at select off-target sites.
Figure
2. eSpCas9 Reduces Off-Target Cleavage Compared with Cas9. In this
experiment, K652 cells were nucleofected with SpCas9 or eSpCas9 and synthetic tracrRNA
and EMX1-targeted crRNA. A CEL-1 assay showed equal cleavage efficiency between
Cas9 and eSpCas9, while cleavage at a known off-target site7 was
reduced when eSpCas9 was used compared to Cas9.
Procedure
Overview
In
general, the steps required for successful introduction of Cas9 RNP into
cultured and primary cells are as follows:
- Resuspend Cas9 protein
- Prepare SygRNA™
crRNA and tracrRNA reagents
- Prepare cells
- Assemble Cas9 RNP
- Transfect cells with Cas9 RNP
- Harvest genomic DNA
and assay mutations
Methods
- Resuspend the
lyophilized Cas9 protein with the supplied reconstitution solution.
a. For 250 ug vials, add 50 ul of reconstitution solution to achieve a concentration of approximately 5 mg/ml (30 pmol/μl).
b. For 50 ug vials, add 30 μl of reconstitution solution to achieve a concentration of approximately 1.7 mg/ml (10 pmol/μl). - Gently tap tube to
completely dissolve of lyophilized powder, incubate for 10 minutes on ice
and spin tube to bring material to bottom of tube.
- If a lower
concentration of Cas9 protein is required, dilute the Cas9 protein with
supplied Dilution buffer immediately before use. Store diluted
protein on ice, up to 6 hours.
Precautions and Disclaimers
This
product is for R&D use only, not for drug, household, or other uses. Please
consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and
safe handling practices.
Storage
and Stability
This
lyophilized protein is shipped at ambient temperature. Once resuspended in the
provided reconstitution solution, Cas9 and eSpCas9 are recommended to be stored
at –20°C.
Kit
Components
Each
kit contains the following components:
- One vial of
lyophilized Cas9 recombinant protein
- One vial of 1X
reconstitution solution (1 ml, 50% glycerol in water)
- One vial of 1X
dilution buffer (1 ml, 20 mM Na-Hepes pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl)
The following equipment and reagents are recommended but not provided in this kit:
- SygRNA™ synthetic crRNAs and TRACRRNA05N
- Nucleofector® Kit
V (Lonza, Cat# VCA-1003)
- GenElute Mammalian
Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit. (Product No. G1N70)
- JumpStart™ Taq
ReadyMix™ (Product No. P2893)
- Water, PCR Reagent
(Product No. W1754)
- Mutation Detection Method of choice
- Gel Loading Buffer
(Product No. G2526)
- Tris-Borate EDTA
Buffer (ProductNo. T3913)
10 mg/μl Ethidium Bromide Solution (Product No. E1510)
Protocols
CRISPR
is amenable to a variety of transfection methods; therefore it is recommended
to optimize methods to suit the cells of interest. Sigma-Aldrich provides a
variety of transfection reagents, cell culture media and plates, and custom DNA
primers for detection of CRISPR-mediated genome editing. For your reference, we
have suggested protocols below.
General Recommendations
- Assemble RNA:Cas9
Protein complexes (RNP) on ice, immediately before use.
- The gRNA can by
synthetic or in vitro transcribed (IVT); however, the protocols included
here have been optimized for SygRNA™ synthetic crRNAs and tracrRNAs.
- In all instances,
combine equal molar amounts of crRNA:tracrRNA.
- We suggest preparing RNP in a molar ratio between 1:1:1 to 5:5:1, crRNA:tracrRNA: Cas9 protein. Further optimization may be required.
Preparation of Cells
Approximately
18–24 hours before use, plate cells in complete growth medium. For most cell
types, cultures should be 50–80% confluent at the time of transfection.
Preparation
of SygRNA™ RNP and transfection with TransIT-CRISPR® (6-Well
Plate Format)
- Prepare
TransIT-CRISPR®:SygRNA™ RNP immediately before transfection
a. Warm TransIT-CRISPR® Transfection Reagent to room temperature and vortex gently.
b. Pipet 1.5 to 15 μl each of 20 μM SygRNA™ crRNA and tracrRNA stock solutions to sterile tube on ice.
c. Optional: anneal the crRNA and tracrRNA by incubating the mixture for 5 minutes at 95°, then placing the mixture on ice for 20 minutes.
d. Add 1 to 2 μl of Cas9 protein (30 to 60 pmol) to tube containing synthetic crRNA and tracrRNA. Gently pipet up-and-down to mix.
e. Incubate on ice 30 minutes for complex formation.
f. Add 250 μl of serum-free or reduced serum medium to Cas9 RNP.
g. Add 5–6.25 μl of TransIT-CRISPR® reagent to Cas9 RNP.
i. This volume was optimized in adherent U2-OS cells; the volume of TransIT-CRISPR® reagent should be optimized for each cell type.
h. Pipet up-and-down gently to mix.
i. Incubate at room temperature for 15–30 minutes to allow transfection complex formation. - Distribute
transfection complexes to cells in complete growth medium
a. For each sample, distribute TransIT-CRISPR®:SygRNA™ RNP dropwise throughout well.
b. Gently rock culture vessel back-and-forth and from side-to-side to distribute TransIT-CRISPR®:SygRNA™ RNP complexes.
c. Incubate cells 24–72 hours before harvest for assay. It is not necessary to replace the medium.
Preparation
and Nucleofection of SygRNA™ RNP (12-Well Plate Format)
- Prepare Nucleofector® Solution
and Cells
a. Prepare Nucleofector® Kit reagents according to manufacturer’s instructions.
b. Obtain enough cells for approximately 250k cells per well in a 12-well plate (final volume per well will be 1 ml).
c. Concentrate the cells by centrifugation and remove the medium by aspiration.
d. Resuspend the cells in enough Nucleofector Solution (with supplement added) to allow the distribution of 100 μl of solution per well.
e. Place 0.5 ml of complete medium to each well of a 12-well plate. - Prepare SygRNA™ RNP
a. Dilute SygRNA™ crRNA and tracrRNA to a 10 μM working solution using a 10 mM Tris-containing buffer of pH between 7 and 8.
b. Pipet 0.6 to 7.5 μl (6 to 75 pmol) of each RNA to a sterile microfuge tube on ice.
c. Optional: anneal the crRNA and tracrRNA by incubating the mixture for 5 minutes at 95°, then placing the mixture on ice for 20 minutes.
d. Dilute Cas9 protein to 1 mg/ml using the supplied Dilution buffer and store on ice.
e. Pipet 1 to 5 μl (6 to 30 pmol) of Cas9 protein to the synthetic crRNA and synthetic tracrRNA, mix gently, and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes. The final volume of SygRNA™ crRNA and tracrRNA plus Cas9 protein should be less than 20 μl. - Nucleofect SygRNA™
RNP
a. Pipet 100 μl of resuspended cells in Nucleofector® solution to the tube containing RNA and Cas9 protein and pipet gently to mix completely.
b. Transfer cell/RNP complex suspension to a certified cuvette.
c. Select the appropriate Nucleofector® Program and process cells according to manufacturer’s directions. - Distribute
nucleofected cells to each well
a. Immediately add 400 μl of complete medium to the cuvette and gently transfer the sample into the appropriate well of the prepared 12-well plate. Use the pipettes supplied with the Nucleofector kit and avoid repeated aspiration of the sample.
b. Allow cells to grow for 24–72 hours before harvesting for assay. It is not necessary to replace the medium
Preparation
and Microinjection of SygRNA™ RNP into One-Cell Embryo
Microinjection
protocols vary greatly depending on embryo type and researcher preferences.
Microinjection of Cas9 RNPs has been demonstrated in the following organisms:
- Caenorhabditis
elegans (nematode)9
- Mus musculus (mouse)10,11
- Rattus
norvegicus (rat)11
- Danio rerio (zebrafish)12
Conclusion
We
present a new development in Cas9 technology for addressing the problem of
CRISPR off-target effects. In addition, we provide detailed protocols for use
of Cas9 RNP which has broad applications in both animal and plant models.
Troubleshooting
If
cleavage is not observed, the following considerations may aid the researcher
in troubleshooting:
|
Solution
|
Suspected Issue
|
|
The
provided dilution buffer is only recommended for immediate use. For long term
storage, keep the protein lyophilized or resuspended in the provided
reconstitution solution at –20°.
|
The
Cas9 protein has denatured after long term storage in dilution buffer.
|
|
The
Cas9 protein has been shown to withstand several rounds of freezing and
thawing without sacrificing cutting activity, but aliquoting the protein into
smaller quantities upon resuspension will allow this potential issue to be
avoided.
|
The
Cas9 protein has been thawed and refrozen too many times.
|
|
While
an annealing step is generally not needed, it has shown to increase cutting
in rare cases13. To anneal the crRNA and tracrRNA, mix them in the desired
ratio and incubate the mixture for 5 minutes at 95°, then place the mixture
on ice for 20 minutes.
|
The
crRNAs and tracrRNAs need to be annealed before complexing with the Cas9
protein.
|
|
Under
normal cell culture conditions, synthetic RNA modifications are not needed;
however, for certain cell lines, this may be necessary.Modifications are
available through MilliporeSigma.
|
The
crRNAs and tracrRNAs are degraded.
|
|
For
any transfection reagent or nucleofection, the protocol should be optimized
for each cell line used. Refer to the manufacturer’s protocol for further
assistance.
|
The
transfection or nucleofection is not working or is too toxic.
|
|
For
optimal performance, only quality-verified IVT RNA should be used.
|
IVT
RNA is low quality or degraded.
|
Materials
|
Product No.
|
Description
|
Add to Cart
|
|
ESPCAS9 Protein
|
||
|
CAS9 Protein
|
||
|
Custom CRISPR Products
|
||
|
SygRNA™ Cas9 Synthetic tracrRNA
|
||
|
GenElute™ Mammalian
Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
|
||
|
JumpStart™ Taq ReadyMix™
|
||
|
Water, PCR reagent
|
||
|
Gel Loading Buffer
|
||
|
Tris-Borate EDTA Buffer
|
||
|
Ethidium
bromide solution, 10 mg/mL in H2O
|
References
- Kim, S. et al.
Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of
purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Genome Research24, 1012–1019 (2014).
- Slaymaker, I.M. et
al. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science 351, 84–88 (2016).
- Zuris, J.A. et al.
Cationic lipid-mediated delivery of proteins enables efficient
protein-based genome editing in vitro and in vivo. Nature Biotechnology 33, 73–80
(2015).
- Lin, S. et al.
Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing
of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. eLife (2014).
- Liang, X. et al.
Rapid and highly efficient mammalian cell engineering via Cas9 protein
transfection. Journal of
Biotechnology 208, 44–53 (2015).
- Liang, Z. et al.
Efficient DNA-free genome editing of bread wheat using CRISPR/Cas9
ribonucleoprotein complexes. Nature
Communications8 (2017).
- Schumann, K. et al.
Generation of knock-in primary human T cells using Cas9
ribonucleoproteins. PNAS 112, 10437–42
(2015).
- Ran, F. A. et al.
Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 for enhanced genome editing
specificity. Cell 154, 1380–89 (2013).
- Cho, S.W. et al.
Heritable gene knockout in Caenorhabditis elegans by direct injection of
Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins. Genetics 195, 1177–80 (2013).
- Cebrian-Serrano, A. et al. Maternal supply of Cas9 to zygotes facilitates the efficient
generation of site-specific mutant mouse models. PLoS ONE 12 (2017).
- Aida, T. et al.
Cloning-free CRISPR/Cas system facilitates functional cassette knock-in
mice. Genome
Biology 16:87 (2015).
- Kotani, H. et al.
Efficient multiple genome modifications induced by the crRNAs, tracrRNA
and Cas9 protein complex in zebrafish. PLoS ONE 10 (2015).
- Mekler, V. et al. Kinetics of the CRISPR-Cas9 effector complex assembly and the role of 3'-terminal segment of guide RNA. Nucleic Acids Research 44(6), 2837–2845 (2016).
Anexo:
